Application of Filters to Multiway Joins in MapReduce

Joining multiple datasets in MapReduce may amplify the disk and network overheads because intermediate join results have to be written to the underlying distributed file system, or map output records have to be replicated multiple times. This paper proposes a method for applying filters based on the processing order of input datasets, which is appropriate for the two types of multiway joins: common attribute joins and distinct attribute joins. The number of redundant records filtered depends on the processing order. In common attribute joins, the input records do not need to be replicated, so a set of filters is created, which are applied in turn. In distinct attribute joins, the input records have to be replicated, so multiple sets of filters need to be created, which depend on the number of join attributes. The experimental results showed that our approach outperformed a cascade of two-way joins and basic multiway joins in cases where small portions of input datasets were joined

A Case of Biopsy-proven Early-onset Alzheimer's Disease with Hemiparkinsonism

Patients with dementia and concomitant parkinsonism are frequently encountered in the elderly population. When it comes to young adults, however, coexistence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) is rare. We described a case of 47-year old man with presenile onset dementia associated with hemiparkinsonism involving the right extremities. Brain biopsy showed neurofibrillary tangles and neuritic plaques, compatible with Alzheimer's disease. Iodine-123 labelled N-(3-iodopropen-2-yl)-2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(4-chlorophenyl) tropane ([(123)I]IPT) SPECT, dopamine transporter imaging, revealed a decreased uptake in both basal ganglia, more severe on the left side, particularly the caudal putamen, which is consistent with the finding of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. This case is unique in that damage on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in a patient with Alzheimer's disease was demonstrated by a functional neuroimaging study and that early-onset AD and early-onset PD, two rare conditions, coexist in the same individual

Quantification of sulcal emergence timing and its variability in early fetal life: Hemispheric asymmetry and sex difference

Human fetal brains show regionally different temporal patterns of sulcal emergence following a regular timeline, which may be associated with spatiotemporal patterns of gene expression among cortical regions. This study aims to quantify the timing of sulcal emergence and its temporal variability across typically developing fetuses by fitting a logistic curve to presence or absence of sulcus. We found that the sulcal emergence started from the central to the temporo-parieto-occipital lobes and frontal lobe, and the temporal variability of emergence in most of the sulci was similar between 1 and 2 weeks. Small variability (\u3c 1 week) was found in the left central and postcentral sulci and larger variability (\u3e2 weeks) was shown in the bilateral occipitotemporal and left superior temporal sulci. The temporal variability showed a positive correlation with the emergence timing that may be associated with differential contributions between genetic and environmental factors. Our statistical analysis revealed that the right superior temporal sulcus emerged earlier than the left. Female fetuses showed a trend of earlier sulcal emergence in the right superior temporal sulcus, lower temporal variability in the right intraparietal sulcus, and higher variability in the right precentral sulcus compared to male fetuses. Our quantitative and statistical approach quantified the temporal patterns of sulcal emergence in detail that can be a reference for assessing the normality of developing fetal gyrification

Direct Synthesis of Molybdenum Phosphide Nanorods on Silicon Using Graphene at the Heterointerface for Efficient Photoelectrochemical Water Reduction

MoP nanorod-array catalysts were directly synthesized on graphene passivated silicon photocathodes without secondary phase. Mo-O-C covalent bondings and energy band bending at heterointerfaces facilitate the electron transfer to the reaction sites. Numerous catalytic sites and drastically enhanced anti-reflectance of MoP nanorods contribute to the high solar energy conversion efficiency. Abstract Transition metal phosphides (TMPs) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been widely investigated as photoelectrochemical (PEC) catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Using high-temperature processes to get crystallized compounds with large-area uniformity, it is still challenging to directly synthesize these catalysts on silicon photocathodes due to chemical incompatibility at the heterointerface. Here, a graphene interlayer is applied between p-Si and MoP nanorods to enable fully engineered interfaces without forming a metallic secondary compound that absorbs a parasitic light and provides an inefficient electron path for hydrogen evolution. Furthermore, the graphene facilitates the photogenerated electrons to rapidly transfer by creating Mo-O-C covalent bondings and energetically favorable band bending. With a bridging role of graphene, numerous active sites and anti-reflectance of MoP nanorods lead to significantly improved PEC-HER performance with a high photocurrent density of 21.8 mA cm−2 at 0 V versus RHE and high stability. Besides, low dependence on pH and temperature is observed with MoP nanorods incorporated photocathodes, which is desirable for practical use as a part of PEC cells. These results indicate that the direct synthesis of TMPs and TMDs enabled by graphene interlayer is a new promising way to fabricate Si-based photocathodes with high-quality interfaces and superior HER performance. Graphic Abstrac

Clinical features and outcomes in spontaneous intramural small bowel hematoma: cohort study and literature review

Background/Aims Spontaneous intramural small bowel hematoma (SISBH) is an extremely rare complication of anticoagulant or antiplatelet therapy. We assessed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with SISBH according to the anatomical location of the hematoma. Methods From January 2003 to February 2016, medical records for all patients hospitalized for SISBH at 2 tertiary referral hospitals were retrospectively reviewed. The primary outcome was requirement for surgery. Results A total of 37 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 74.1 years. Among them, 33 patients (89.2%) were taking anticoagulant and/or antiplatelet agents. Duodenal intramural hematoma was detected in 4 patients (10.8%), jejunal in 16 (43.2%), and ileal in 17 (45.9%). Compared to jejunal and ileal involvement, duodenal intramural hematoma was significantly associated with high Charlson comorbidity index and low levels of white blood cells, hemoglobin, and platelets in the blood. SISBH in the duodenum was related to thrombocytopenia in 3 patients following systemic chemotherapy for malignancy. All patients with SISBH showed clinical improvement with conservative therapy. Mean length of hospital stay was 9.35 days. Independent predictors of a hospital stay of more than 7 days were body weight less than 60 kg (odds ratio [OR], 12.213; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.755–84.998; P=0.011) and a history of cerebrovascular accidents (OR, 6.667; 95% CI, 1.121–39.650; P=0.037). Conclusions Compared to jejunal and ileal involvement, thrombocytopenia may result in spontaneous duodenal intramural hematoma among patients who are treated with systemic chemotherapy for malignancies. Patients with SISBH have excellent clinical outcomes with conservative therapy regardless of the anatomical location of the hematoma

Successful Retrieval of a Fractured and Entrapped 0.035-Inch Terumo Wire in the Femoral Artery Using Biopsy Forceps

A 0.035-inch guide wire fracture and entrapment in a peripheral artery is a very rare complication, but when it does occur it may lead to life-threatening complications, such as perforation, thrombus formation, embolization, and subsequent limb ischemia. We describe our experience of successfully retrieving a fractured 0.035-inch Terumo guide wire in the external iliac artery using a biopsy forcep

Omnidirectional Broadband Antireflection Coating for Silicon Solar Cell Using ITO Nanostructures

Anti-reflection coatings (ARCs) in typical solar cells (SCs) adopt single- or multi-layered thin films with intermediate refractive indices between air and SC materials with a thickness corresponding to quarter wavelength. But they are effective only for a limited range of wavelength and incident angle. In this work, we fabricated a variety of ITO nanostructures such as thin films, nanorods, nanotrees etc. through an oblique angle deposition technique using electron-beam evaporator and applied these nanostructures into ARCs for planar p-Si SCs. From SEM and TEM analyses, the ITO nanotree was found to be grown via a self-catalytic mechanism above ~ 200 ??C and the branches have an epitaxial relationship with the trunks. We prepared four Si solar cells with different ARCs; a thin film of TiO2 with quarter-wavelength thickness (thin film ARC), dense ITO nanorods (dense ARC), dense ITO nanorods/porous ITO nanotrees (hybrid ARC) along with a reference solar cell without any ARC (no ARC). The reflectance is significantly decreased from 35% (no ARC) to 12% (thin film ARC), 9% (dense ARC) and finally 7% (hybrid ARC), which is responsible for the enhancement of solar cell efficiency to 25% (thin film ARC), 38% (dense ARC), and 47% (hybrid ARC) compared with the reference cell. Also in the angular reflectance measurements from 20?? to 70??, the hybrid ARC has a very low reflectance of 7% and excellent omni-directionally reflectance, which is significantly low compared with 11% (dense ARC), 18% (thin film ARC), and 45% (no ARC). By considering the angular dependence of solar cells, the annual power density was calculated based on the meridian transitaltitude of Seoul, Republic of Korea. The power enhancement by omnidirectional light absorption is as high as 33.5% in the hybrid ARC solar cell, compared with 16.3% (dense ARC) and 1.4% (thin film ARC). Our results suggest that onmi-directional ARC can be a breakthough technology for the solar power generation

TNF−α Secreted from Macrophages Increases the Expression of Prometastatic Integrin αV in Gastric Cancer

The tumor microenvironment comprising blood vessels, fibroblasts, immune cells, and the extracellular matrix surrounding cancer cells, has recently been targeted for research in cancer therapy. We aimed to investigate the effect of macrophages on the invasive ability of gastric cancer cells, and studied their potential mechanism. In transcriptome analysis, integrin αV was identified as a gene increased in AGS cells cocultured with RAW264.7 cells. AGS cells cocultured with RAW264.7 cells displayed increased adhesion to the extracellular matrix and greater invasiveness compared with AGS cells cultured alone. This increased invasion of AGS cells cocultured with RAW264.7 cells was inhibited by integrin αV knockdown. In addition, the increase in integrin αV expression induced by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or by coculture with RAW264.7 cells was inhibited by TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) knockdown. The increase in integrin αV expression induced by TNF-α was inhibited by both Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK) inhibitor and VGLL1 S84 peptide treatment. Finally, transcription of integrin αV was shown to be regulated through the binding of VGLL1 and TEAD4 to the promoter of integrin αV. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that TNFR1–ERK–VGLL1 signaling activated by TNF-α secreted from RAW264.7 cells increased integrin αV expression, thereby increasing the adhesion and invasive ability of gastric cancer cells

Two-Terminal Hybrid Tandem Solar Cells comprising Dye sensitized and Si solar cells

Tandem solar cells (SCs) have been studied in order to harvest the fullest possible range of the solar spectrum. However, conventional technologies such as III-V compound semiconductor or a-Si/c-Si based tandem SCs cannot meet the high efficiency and low cost simultaneously. In this work, we demonstrate a hybrid tandem solar architecture comprising a DSSC(~1.7eV)/c-Si SCs(~1.1eV), which can be fabricated using solution processes and has a high efficiency. In order for a DSSC to be used as a top cell in a tandem SC, it should have a high transmittance at the long wavelength range (800 ~ 1100 nm) without compromising the cell efficiency. For this, we adopted a high-transparency cobalt-based electrolyte instead of conventional iodine-based one. In addition, the TiO2 photoanode was etched using HCl-HF acid to further decrease the size of nano-particles and correspondingly increase the transmittance of long-wavelength light. The highly-transparent DSSC, fabricated using these two techniques, has an enhanced transmittance at 800 nm from 55 to 70% with a high efficiency of 11.4%. In a tandem SC, the so-called junction layer, electrically connecting between a top and bottom cell, has critical role of recombining electrons and holes injected from both cells. And also, the junction layer should be electrically conductive to minimize resistance loss and optically transparent to minimize sacrificing photovoltaic performance in both cells. We have investigated two types of junction layers, ITO/Pt and ITO/PEDOT. The ITO/PEDOT layer was proven to be more effective because the band alignment of PEDOT is more appropriate between ITO and cobalt electrolyte compared to conventional Pt layer. The tandem SC with the ITO/PEDOT junction layer has much higher fill factor of 72.94% compared with 67.7% of that with Pt layer without degrading Voc and Jsc. The fully-optimized hybrid tandem solar cell efficiency was measured to be (1.34V)(15.0mA/cm2)(0.724) =14.5%